Administration
Administration (Lat. administrare, to serve[?]), the performance or management of affairs, a term specifically used in law for the administration or disposal of the estate of a deceased person(see Will OR Testament) .It is also, particularly in USA, used more generally for the organization whose directive dome is the "Government" (public Administration).
Another sense is the administration (administering or tendering) of the sacraments, justice, oaths[?], medicines, etc.
Letter of Administration[?].—Upon the death of a person intestate or leaving a will to which no executors[?] are appointed, or when the executors appointed by the will cannot or will not act, the Probate Division[?] of the High Court[?] is obliged to appoint an administrator who performs the duties of an executor. This is done by the court granting letters of administration to the person entitled. Grants of administration may be either general or limited. A general grant is made where the deceased has died intestate. The order in which general grants of letters will be made by the court is as follows: (i) The husband, or widow, as the case may be; (2) the next of kin; (3) the crown; (4) a creditor; (5) a stranger. Since the Land Transfer Act[?] of 1897, the administrator is the real as well as the personal representative of the deceased, and consequently when the estate to be administered consists wholly or mainly of reality the court will grant administration to the heir to the exclusion of the next of kin. In the absence of any heir or next of kin the crown is entitled to the personalty as bona vacantia, and to the realty by escheat. If a creditor[?] claims and obtains a grant he is compelled by the court to enter into a bond with two sureties that he will not prefer his own debt to those of other creditors. The more important cases of grants of special letters of administration are the following:—
Administration cum testamento annexo, where the deceased has left a will but has appointed no executor to it, or the executor appointed has died or refuses to act. In this case the court will make the grant to the person (usually the residuary legatee) with the largest beneficial interest in the estate.
Administration de bonis non administratis: this occurs in two cases—(a) where the executor dies intestate after probate without having completely administered the estate; (b) where an administrator dies. In the first case the principle of administration cum testamento is followed, in the second that of general grants in the selection of the person to whom letters are granted.
Administration' dm ante minor e aetate, when the executor or the person entitled to the general grant is under age.
Administration durante absentia, when the executor or administrator is out of the jurisdiction for more than a year.
Administration pendenle lite, where there is a dispute as to the person entitled to probate or a general grant of letters the court appoints an administrator till the question has been decided.
Original text from the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Please update as needed.
Chitral. Here the Bashgol and Chitral valleys unite and the
after crossing it by a spur which leaves.html">leaves the insignificant
to a point.html">point nearly opposite the quaint old town of Pashat in
its course southwards), and then stretches away in an uneven
from each other by hypothetical landmarks, till it strikes
due south, it reaches Landi Kotal. From the abutment of
Kotal, and throughout its eastern and southern limits, the
under British political control with the formation of the
neighbourhood of Laudi Kotal the boundary is carried to the
off the cultivated portidins of the Kurram valley below the
of the Tochi. Crossing these again, it is continued on
Domandi. South of the Gomal it separates the interests of
north.html">north.html">North-West frontier.html">Frontier Province. From Domandi (the junction of
with that of Baluchistan. (See BALUCHISTAN.) It is carried
channels of the Kundar and the Kadanai to a point beyond
the Khojak range, and then drops southward to Shorawak and
the crest of a well-defined mountain watershed for a great
strikes nearly west to the Persian frontier, and joins it on
of this part of the Afghan boundary are notable. It leaves
Baluch side of the frontier in the Toba district, north of
of the Helmund riven enclosing within Afghanistan the only
seasons of Helmund overflow. Between Afghanistan and Persia
in 1872 from the Mahk-Siah-Koh to the Helmund Lagoons, and
1903-1905. Beyond these lagoons to Hashtadan it is still
fixed as far north as the Hari Rud river at Toman Agha. From
four main provinces, Northern Afghanistan or Kabul, Southern
.
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