Alcoholic proof 

Alcohol is produced by yeast during the process of fermentation (and the other product of fermentation is carbon dioxide, which is the gas that can make beer bottles explode or blow their tops off). The amount of alcohol in the finished liquid depends on how much sugar there was at the beginning for the yeast to convert into alcohol. In beer, the alcohol is generally 3% to 12% (6 to 24 proof) and usually about 4% to 6% (8 to 12 proof). Depending on the strain of yeast, wines top out at about 14 to 16% (28 to 32 proof), because that's the point in the fermentation process where the alcohol concentration kills the yeast. Interestingly, very few microorganisms can live in alcoholic solutions. The main three are yeast, Brettanomyces[?], and Acetobacter[?]. In what is essentially disinfection, yeast keeps multiplying as long as there is sugar to "eat", gradually increasing the alcoholic content of the solution and killing off all other microorganisms, and eventually themselves. There are "fortified" wines with a higher alcohol concentration than that because stronger alcohol has been mixed with them.

Stronger liquors are distilled after fermentation is complete, to separate the alcoholic liquid from the remains of the grain, fruit, or whatever it was made from. The idea of distillation is that when you heat a mixture of liquids, the one with the lowest boiling point will evaporate (or "boil off") first, and then the one with the next lowest boiling point, and so on. The catch is that water and alcohol form a mixture (called an azeotrope) that has a lower boiling point than either one of them, so what distills off first is that mixture that is 95% alcohol and 5% water. So a distilled liquor can't be stronger than 95% (= 190 proof), although there are other techniques for separating liquids that can produce 100% ethanol (or "absolute alcohol"), but that is used only for scientific or industrial purposes, not for drinking, and it doesn't stay 100% for very long, because it absorbs water out of the atmosphere.

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