Bharat Ratna
Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award. The Bharat Ratna is India's supreme decoration and honor, awarded for the highest degrees of national service. This service includes artistic, literary, and scientific achievement, as well as "recognition of public service of the highest order." Throughout the history of the decoration, it has been very carefully stressed that the award of the Bharat Ratna carries with it no title, no "knighthood," and no particular status.
The original statutes of January 1954 did not make allowance for posthumous awards (and this perhaps explains why the decoration was never awarded to Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi), though this provision was added in the January 1955 statute (and there have, subsequently, been seven posthumous awards). While there was no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens, this seems to have been the general assumption. There has been one award to a naturalized Indian citizen (to Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, "Mother Theresa," in 1980) and one to a non-Indian (to Nelson Mandela in 1990).
The original specifications for the award called for a circular gold medal, 1-3/8 inches in diameter, with the sun and the Hindi legend "Bharat Ratna" above and a floral wreath below. The reverse was to carry the state emblem and motto. It was to be worn around the neck from a white ribbon. There is no indication that any specimens of this design were ever produced and one year later the design was altered.
| NAME | AWARDED in |
| Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888-1975) | 1954 |
| Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878-1972) | 1954 |
| Dr Chandrasekhar Venkat Raman (1888-1970) | 1954 |
| Dr Bhagwan Das (1869-1958) | 1955 |
| Dr Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya (1861-1962) | 1955 |
| Jawaharlal Nehru (1889 -1964) | 1955 |
| Govind Ballabh Pant (1887-1961) | 1957 |
| Dr Dhondo Keshave Karve (1858-1962) | 1958 |
| Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy (1882-1962) | 1961 |
| Purushottam Das Tandon (1882-1962) | 1961 |
| Dr Rajendra Prasad (1884-1963) | 1962 |
| Dr Zakir Husain (1897-1969) | 1963 |
| Dr Pandurang Vaman Kane (1880-1972) | 1963 |
| Lal Bahadur Shastri (Posthumous) (1904-1966) | 1966 |
| Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) | 1971 |
| Varahagiri Venkatagiri (1894-1980) | 1975 |
| Kumaraswami Kamraj (Posthumous) (1903-1975) | 1976 |
| Mary Taresa Bojaxhiu (Mother Teresa) (1910-1997) | 1980 |
| Acharya Vinobha Bhave[?] (Posthumous) (1895-1982) | 1983 |
| Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan[?] (1890-1988) | 1987 |
| Marudu Gopalan Ramachandran (Posthumous) (1917-1987) | 1988 |
| Dr Bhim Rao Ramji Ambedkar (Posthumous) (1891-1956) | 1990 |
| Dr Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (b-1918) | 1990 |
| Rajiv Gandhi (Posthumous) (1944-1991) | 1991 |
| Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel[?] (Posthumous) (1875-1950) | 1991 |
| Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (1896-1995) | 1991 |
| Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888-1958) | 1992 |
| Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhai Tata (1904-1993) | 1992 |
| Satyajit Ray (1922-1992) | 1992 |
| A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | 1997 |
| Gulzarilal Nanda (1898-1998) | 1997 |
| Aruna Asaf Ali (Posthumous) | 1997 |
| MS Subbulakshmi (b 1916) | 1998 |
| C Subramaniam[?] (b 1910) | 1998 |
| Jayaprakash Narayan[?] (1902-1979) | 1998 |
| Ravi Shankar (b 1920) | 1999 |
| Amartya Sen (b 1933) | 1999 |
| Gopinath Bordoloi (1927-??) | 1999 |
| Lata Mangeshkar (b 1929) | 2001 |
| Bismillah Khan[?] (b 1916) | 2001 |
Daß ich dich meinem König überbrächte!
In eine Wüste will ich fliehn und dort,
Um meinen vielgeliebten Prinzen weinen. (Geht ab.)
Dritter Auftritt.
Kalaf und Barak.
Prinz Kalaf, habt Ihr's nun gehört?
Kalaf. Ich stehe
Wie aber mag dies unbeseelte Bild,
Was macht Ihr!--Große Götter!
Kalaf (lächelnd). Nun! Ein Bildniß
Betrachten, diese mörderische Schönheit.
(Greift nach dem Bildniß und hebt es von der Erde auf.html">auf.)
Barak (ihn haltend). Euch wäre besser, der Medusa Haupt
Weg! Weg damit! Ich kann es nicht gestatten.
Kalaf. Du bist nicht klug. Wenn du so schwach dich fühlst,
Mein Aug gerührt, auch nur auf Augenblicke,
Lebend'ge Schönheit nie bei mir vermocht,
Unnütze Sorgfalt, Barak--Mir liegt Andres
Nach einer Pause.)
Was seh' ich!
Barak (ringt verzweifelnd die Hände).
es mit Entzücken.)
Barak (für sich). Seid Zeugen, Götter--Ich, ich bin nicht schuld,
--In diesen holden Augen, dieser süßen
Das harte Herz, wovon du sprichst, nicht wohnen!
Barak. Unglücklicher, was hör' ich? Schöner noch
Ist Turandot, sie selbst! Nie hat die Kunst
Doch ihres Herzens Stolz und Grausamkeit
O, werft es von Euch, dies unselige,
Kein tödtlich Gift aus dieser Mordgestalt!
Kalaf. Hinweg! Vergebens suchst du mich zu schrecken!
Augen der Liebesgöttin! Welcher Himmel,
sich zu Barak und ergreift seine Hand.)
Barak! Verrath mich nicht--Jetzt oder nie!
Wozu dies Leben sparen, das ich hasse?
Der Erde und ein Kaiserthum mit ihr
Auf einen Zug verlieren--Schönstes Werk!
Ein neues Opfer ist für dich bereit
.
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