Border gateway protocol
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol in the Internet. It maintains a table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability between autonomous systems (AS). It is described as a path vector[?] protocol.It supports classless interdomain routing and uses route aggregation[?] to decrease the size of routing tables. Since 1994 version four of the protocol has been in use on the Internet. All previous versions are considered obsolete.
Very large private IP networks can also make use of BGP. For example to join a number of large OSPF networks together where OSPF by itself would not scale to size.
Most Internet users do not directly use BGP. However, as all Internet Service Providers must use BGP to establish routing between one another, it is one of the most important protocols on the Internet. Compare and contrast with Signalling System 7, which is the core inter-provider call setup protocol on the PSTN.
BGP operation
BGP neighbors or peers are established by manual configuration between routers, creating a TCP session on port 179. BGP is unique among routing protocols in this respect by using TCP as its transport protocol.
It is comprised of two parts, Interior Border Gateway Protocol and Exterior Border Gateway Protocol, respectively known as IBGP and EBGP. IBGP is used within a single autonomous system while EBGP is used between different ASs. All routers within a single AS and participating in BGP routing must be configured in a full mesh, ie, every router must be configured as a peer of every other. This causes obvious scaling problems, 10 routers in an AS would require 50 TCP connections to be established. There are two solutions to this built into BGP, route reflectors and confederations.
Route reflectors reduce the number of connections required in a AS. One or two (for redundancy) routers are configured as route reflectors and then other routers in the AS will only need to peer to them.
Confederations are used in very large networks where a large AS can be configured to encompass smaller more manageable internal ASs. Confederations can be used in conjunction with route reflectors.
BGP problems and mitigation
A feature known as 'dampening' is built into BGP to mitigate the effects flapping routes. Flapping routes can be caused by physical interfaces or WAN links going up and down or misconfigured or mismanged routers. Without dampening routes can be rapidly injected and withdrawn from routing tables which can cause a heavy processing load on routers and therefore possibly effect overall routing stability. With dampening flapping routes are exponentially decayed. On the first instance a route if a route becomes unavailable and then suddenly reappears, for whatever reason, the dampening will not take effect to maintain the normal fail over times of BGP. On the second occurrence BGP will time out that prefix for a certain length of time and subsequent occurrences will be exponentially timed out. After the abnormalities have ceased and a suitable length of time has passed for the offending route, prefixes can be reinstated and the slate wiped clean. Dampening can also prevent malicious denial of service type attacks. Dampening timings are highly customisable.
One of the largest problems BGP faces and indeed the Internet infrastructure as a whole is the exponential growth of the Internet routing table. One of the many advantages of IP version 6's huge address space is to potentially solve this by better use of route aggregation.
BGP version four is specified in Request for Comment (RFC) 1771.
External links
- RFC 1771: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1771.txt?number=1771
- BGP table statistics: http://www.telstra.net/ops/bgptable.html
It is far more rational to suppose, that the
the legislature, in order.html">order, among other things, to keep the latter within
is the proper and peculiar province.html">province of the courts. A constitution is, in
therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning.html">meaning, as well as the
there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two,
be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred
agents.
Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the
the people.html">people is superior.html">superior to both; and that where the will of the
the people, declared in the Constitution, the judges ought to be
their decisions by the fundamental laws, rather than by those which are
contradictory laws, is exemplified in a familiar instance. It not
clashing in whole or in part with each other, and neither of them
province of the courts to liquidate and fix their meaning and operation.
other, reason.html">reason.html">reason and law conspire to dictate that this should be done;
effect to one, in exclusion of the other. The rule.html">rule which has obtained in
order of time shall be preferred to the first. But this is a mere rule
and reason of the thing. It is a rule not enjoined upon the courts by
and propriety, for the direction of their conduct as interpreters of the
EQUAL authority.html">authority, that which was the last indication of its will should
authority, of an original and derivative power, the nature and reason of
They teach us that the prior act of a superior ought to be preferred to
accordingly, whenever a particular statute contravenes the.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|