Boson : Bosons
Bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states. As a result, they obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The spin-statistics theorem[?] states that bosons have integer spin.
All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions.
Elementary bosons act as the carriers of the fundamental forces.
Particles composed of a number of other particles (such as protons or nuclei) can be either fermions or bosons, depending on their total spin. Hence, many nuclei are in fact bosons. While fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: "no more than one fermion can occupy a single quantum state", there is no exclusion property for bosons, which are free to (and indeed, other things being equal, prefer to) crowd into the same quantum state[?]. This explains the spectrum of black-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of liquid Helium-4[?] and superconductors and the posibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter.
Examples of bosons:
See also: Identical particles
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Its long festoons around each crumbling stone.
With time's deep tints, whilst cypress shadows wave
Silent forever is the voice
Far distant, and beneath a cloudy sky,
The soul-subduing energy is fled.
about sixty-five miles along the southern coast of the Corinthian
region for the most part was level, exposed to inundations, and
famous for maritime enterprise. Of the eleven Achaean cities that
survives. Si'cy-on, on the eastern border of Achaia, was at times
by a ring of mountains, and completely encompassed by the other
of the ancient divisions of Greece, and the most picturesque and
character), and without either seaports or navigable rivers. It
noted for their fondness for music and dancing, their hospitality,
of simple pleasures, and untroubled quiet; and it was natural that
shepherds led their flocks along the woody vales of impetuous
between the Saron'ic and Argol'ic gulfs. It was in great part.
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