British Raj : British India
The British Raj is an informal term for the period of British rule of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. It lasted from the late 18th century until 1947, when India's independence movement succeeded.The first British outpost in South Asia was established in 1619 at Surat on the northwestern coast. Later in the century, the British East India Company opened permanent trading stations at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, each under the protection of native rulers.
The British expanded their influence from these footholds until, by the 1850s, they controlled most of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In 1857, a rebellion in north India led by mutinous Indian soldiers caused the British Parliament to transfer all political power from the East India Company to the Crown. Great Britain began administering most of India directly, while controlling the rest through treaties with local rulers.
In the late 1800s, the first steps were taken toward self-government in "British India" with the appointment of Indian councilors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils. Beginning in 1920, Indian leader Mohandas K. Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi, a title similar to the Christian concept of sainthood) transformed the Indian National Congress party into a mass movement to campaign against British colonial rule. The movement eventually succeeded in bringing about independence by means of parliamentary speech, nonviolent resistance and noncooperation.
See also:
Schwarze Dämpfe, entsteiget, entsteiget
Lieblichen Schein!
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Fünfter Auftritt.
Bewegung vor.html">vor ihm; er bleibt allein in der Mitte der Scene stehen.
Beatrice.
O mein Sohn Cesar! Muß ich so
Den Frevel einer gottverfluchten Hand!
Brechet auf, ihr Wunden!
In schwarzen Güssen
Du schauderst und erstarrst!--Ja, das ist Alles
Da liegen meine Hoffnungen--sie.html">sie.html">sie.html">Sie stirbt
Und keine schöne Früchte sollt' ich schauen.
Don Cesar.
Den Frieden, aber Blut beschloß der Himmel.
Isabella.
Die schönen Bande zwischen euch sich flechten!
Ihm reich ersetzen die verlornen Jahre.
Zuvor--Jetzt kannst du nichts mehr, als ihn rächen.
Don Cesar.
Entreiß dich diesem unglücksel'gen Anblick! (Er will sie fortziehen.)
Isabella (fällt ihm um den Hals).
Weh, Mutter! Was beginnst du?
Don Cesar.
An diesem treuen Busen! Unverloren
Unsterblich fort in deines Cesars Brust.
Erster Chor. (Cajetan, Berengar, Manfred.)
Redet, ihr stummen!
Stürzet hervor, ihr Bäche des Bluts!
Isabella (Beider Hände fassend).
Wie entzückt es mich,
Ja, laß sie deine Tochter sein! Die Schwester--
Isabella (unterbricht ihn).
Du hieltest Wort, du hast sie mir gesendet.
Don Cesar (erstaunt).
Sie mein' ich, die du vor dir siehst, die Schwester.
Don Cesar.
Welche andre sonst?
Don Cesar.
Die du selber mir gesendet.
Don Cesar.
Wehe! Wehe! Wehe!
Beatrice.
.
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