Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature. It is also a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures in a red vapor that has a strong disagreeable odor. A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less active (it is more active than iodine however). Bromine is very soluble in water or carbon disulfide (forming a red solution). It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action.
Bromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, olefins[?] and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatichydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than wet bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminum, titanium, mercury as as well as alkaline earth and alkaline metals.
Elemental bromine is used to manufacture a wide variety of bromine compounds
used in industry and agriculture. Traditionally the largest use of bromine was
in the production of ethylene dibromide which in turn was used as a gasoline anti-knock agent for leaded gasolines before they were largely phased out due to environmental considerations.
Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizes, inorganic bromides for photography, etc.
Bromine occurs in nature as bromide salts[?] in very diffuse amounts in crustal rock. Due to leaching bromide salts have accumulated in sea water
(85 ppm), and may be economically recovered from brine wells and the Dead Sea (up to 5000 ppm).
Approximately 500 million kilograms ($350 million USD) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the United States and Israel being the primary producers.
Elemental bromine is highly toxic, and touch or breathing more than trace amounts (10 ppm) can cause immediate health problems or death. Bromine is very irritating to both eyes and throat produces painful sores after making contact with skin. Improper handling of this element can be a serious health hazard requiring maximum safety precautions.
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so used to.
'dreams.html">dreams.html">Dreams, dreams!' he said; 'old age is full of them!'
'You've been in dreams with us before now,' said Robert, 'don't
Fitzroy Street room, and far more curious and wonderful Assyrian
you in them.'
'Where,' asked Cyril, 'did you get that thing in your hand?'
'If you weren't just a dream.html">dream.html">dream.html">dream,' he answered, smiling, you'd
little mysteries. You dear children! What a difference you made
Now you're/re.html">re/re.html">re grown up you're not like you used to be.'
'Grown up?' said Anthea.
The learned gentleman pointed to a frame with four photographs in
two gentlemen--and looked on them with loathing.
'Shall we grow up like THAT?' whispered Jane. 'How perfectly
Anthea with some insight whispered back. 'You see, you get used
makes it seem so frightful now.'
The learned gentleman was looking at them with wistful kindness.
suddenly.
'You know, or you would if you weren't a dream, that it was on
'and what a lovely garden!'
'Yes,' said he, 'I'm too old now to care even about being near
hardly believe you're just a dream, you do look so exactly real.
though, of course, if I said it to anyone that wasn't a dream
gave me--something very mysterious.'
'There was that,' said Robert.
'Ah, I don't mean your pretty little childish mysteries about
wonderful dreams I used to have, after you'd shown me the first
beginning of my fame and my fortune, too. And I got it all out
Invasion"--that was only a pamphlet, but it explained a lot of
.
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