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BureaucracyIn sociological theories, bureaucracy is an organizational structure characterized by regularized procedure, division of responsibility, hierarchy, and impersonal relationships. The term can characterize either governmental or nongovernmental organizations.A hypothetical bureaucracy would consist of many levels of management which require many signature approvals to make any decision. A second characteristic of many bureaucracies, especially government ones, is extreme difficulty in firing or laying off employees. Max Weber has probably been the most influential user of the word in this Social Science sense. However, contrary to popular belief, "bureaucracy" was an English word before Weber; the Oxford English Dictionary cites usage in several different years between 1818 and 1860, prior to Weber's birth in 1864. In modern usage, bureaucracy equates with inefficiency, laziness, and waste. It is oftentimes characterized in the popular imagination as existing solely for itself and only achieving results which end up in enlarging the size of the bureaucracy. It is thus generally used as a pejorative word. However, Weber originally described the concept in more positive terms, considering it to be a more rational form of organization those that preceded it, which he characterized as charismatic and traditional. On the north quay, the cab-horses, standing in a line under the
quietly munching their oats, while the rubicund drivers are drinking
keeping a sharp lookout for early customers.
The dealers in second-hand books.html">books put their boxes.html">boxes on the parapet.
blouses loose to the breeze, have become so weatherbeaten by the
that they end by looking very much like the old statues of
pass by their boxes without picking out of one of them some old book
any suspicion of the fact on my part.
Then on my return home I have to endure the outcries of my
the house with waste paper to attract the rats. Therese is wise
her; for in spite of my tranquil mien, I have always preferred the
because my own passions are not of that sort which burst out with
their existence. Nevertheless, I am/am.html">am greatly moved by them at times,
sake of a few pages written by some forgotten monk or printed by
enthusiasms are slowly being quenched in me, it is only because
My old books are Me. I am just as old and thumb-worn as they are.
A light breeze sweeps away, along with the dust.html">dust.html">dust of the pavements,
dropped from the mouths of the horses. The dust is nothing.html">nothing remarkable
childhood when I watched just such a swirl of dust; and my old
that I see from my window--that horizon which extends to the left
Arc de Triomphe like a die of stone, the Seine, river of glory, and
Louvre of the Renaissance, cut and graven like goldsmithwork; and
as it is named on old engravings), all the old and venerable part
myself; and I should be nothing but for all those things which are
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