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Execution by burning : Burning at the stakeExecution by burning has a long historical tradition as being a legal method of punishment for crimes such as heresy, treason, and the practice of witchcraft. This method of execution has currently fallen into disfavor. The particular form of execution by burning in which the condemned is bound to a large stake is more commonly called burning at the stake.If the fire is big (for instance, when a large number of heretics were executed at the same time) the death comes from the carbon monoxide poisoning before flames engulf the body. However, if the fire is small, the convict burns slowly and dies in great pain. According to ancient reports, Roman authorities executed many of the early Christian martyrs by burning. These reports claim that in some cases they failed to be burned, and had to be beheaded instead. However, all such ancient manuscripts were copied by Christian monks, and even Catholic sources state that many of these claims were invented (or "apocryphal"). In 1184, the Synod of Verona[?] legislated that burning was to be the official punishment for heresy. This decree was later reaffirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1215, the Synod of Toulouse[?] in 1229, and numerous spiritual and secular leaders up through the 17th century. Witch trials became increasingly popular through the 14th and 15th century in Scotland, Spain, England, Switzerland, Austria, and Germany. It is estimated that up to four million convicted witches and heretics were burned at the stake during this time. Among the best known convicted heretics to be executed by burning were Jan Hus (1415), Joan of Arc (1431) and Giordano Bruno (1600). Contrary to popular history, none of the executions in the Salem witch trials were carried out by burning, but rather by hanging (and in one case, by pressing under stones). University" within the 60 days following each
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CHAPTER I
like the sinuous trail of a fiery rocket until it is extinguished
near the summit, hedged by dwarf firs. At every bend of the heat.html">heat-
the mountain.html">mountain, which seemed to pant and quiver in the oven-like air.html">air,
monotonous cry of tired springs, and the muffled beat of plunging
silences beyond. Sunburned and anxious faces yearned toward it
far below, from the blinding white canvas covers of "mountain
the scrambling, sweating animals beneath. But it would seem that
reached it appeared not only to have caught and gathered all the
from some hidden crater-like source unknown. Nevertheless, instead
induced the wildest exaltation. The heated air was filled and
bay, spruce, juniper, yerba buena, wild syringa, and strange
that mighty heat, and seemed to fire with a midsummer madness all
intoxicated. It was said that the most jaded and foot-sore horses
teamsters and muleteers, who had exhausted their profanity in the
extended their vocabulary, and created new and startling forms of
exhausted description and condensed its virtues in a single phrase:
comparison with his favorite drink, "rum and gum," clung to it ever
human criticism it was hasty and superficial. No one yet had been
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