Caliphate : Caliphs
The Successor of the Prophet or Khalīfa, Caliph in its most common English spelling, was the title taken by Abu Bakr, the father-in-law of Muhammad, when he succeeded him as leader of the Ummah or community of Islam in 632. The title has the implication of ruler of all the Islamic world, although this was a rather dubious claim in the case of some later rulers who were sometimes styled "Caliph", such as the Ottoman Emperors who are more accurately called Sultans. Caliphs also used the title emir al mumenin, "Commander of the Faithful".
The word came through French , which got it from Latin (calīpha), and originates in the Arabic verb khalafa, meaning "to succeed" or "to be behind". Some Orientalist wrote it as Khalîf. Some movements in modern Islamic philosophy justify religious leadership via khalifa, meaning roughly "to steward" or "to protect the same things as God", and propose this to renew the Caliphate.
Famous caliphs
the four "wellguided" caliphs:- Abu Bakr, the first caliph
- Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph
- Uthman ibn Affan, the third caliph
- Ali Ben Abu Talib, the fourth caliph
- Abd-ar-rahman IV
- Abd-ar-rahman V
- Abd Allah ibn Zubayr
- Haroun al-Raschid, hero of many stories in 1001 Arabian Nights
Dynasties
the first four caliphs were followed by the- Umayyad dynasty in Damascus (661-750), followed by the
- Abbasid dynasty in Baghdad (750-1258)
- After the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt set up an Abbasid as a puppet Caliph in Cairo. These Caliphs lasted until the Ottoman conquest in 1517
- In the 19th Century, the Ottoman Sultans began to claim the title of Caliph, saying that it had been passed from the last Abbasid to Sultan Selim I, although there is no evidence of this. After the abolition of the Sultanate in 1922, the Caliphate continued for two more years under the Ottoman Prince Abdul Mejid II[?], before being finally abolished in 1924.
Other regional dynasties set themselves up as Caliphs:
Was a wise counsellor. Very popular.
Ambition: The other fellow's welfare. Recreation: At the
his own. Clubs: All.
FRITCHIE, Barbara, a Southern target. Sprang into poetry as
age.
FULTON, Robert, inventor.html">inventor. Another brainy American who made a
the agent for the Garden of Eden. Compelled the Adam family to
Peter (see him) makes the inventory. Ambition: Larger lungs.
manufacturer.
GALILEO, inventor, star gazer. Proved himself an imbecile by
stationary. Manufactured the first spy-glass, an instrument
purposes. Also discovered that clocks were equipped with
out of office.
GARDEN,[3] Mary, a clever actress who succeeded on the opera.html">opera
child. This was expensively cultivated in Europe, was later
Sapho-Salome-Thais-Carmen costumes packed the houses.
husband with a soul. Recreation: Being presented with opera
party. He espoused the cause of Victor Emmanuel (see Victor),
town in his country, ran second to V. E. in the number of
championship for eating spaghetti.
GARRICK, an old English matinee idol.
GATLING, R. J., he was considered a big gun.
GAUL, Dying, a brave soldier who posed for his statue when
general, and one Walpole in particular, to run England.
GEORGE II, King of England, 1683-1760. Held a few wars.
GEORGE III, King of England, 1736-1820. Lived during the reign
contemporary Who's Who).
GEORGE-LLOYD, Dave, a well-known cigar, English politician.
Was a modest member of the House of Commons, seldom speaking
became under secretary of something, order keeper of the.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|