Celluloid
Celluloid is the name of a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor[?], plus dyes and other agents, generally regarded to be the first thermoplastic. Easily molded and shaped, there are suggestions that celluloid was first made as an ivory replacement.The first celluloids were made in 1856 by Alexander Parkes[?], but he was never able to actually use his invention. The name Celluloid actually began as a trademark of the Celluloid Manufacturing Company, which manufactured the celluloids patented by John Wesley Hyatt[?] (whose use of heat and pressure simplified the manufacture of these compounds). The name was registered in 1870.
In the late 1880s, celluloids for photographic film were developed. Hannibal Goodwin[?] and the Eastman Company both obtained patents for a film product; but Goodwin, and the interests he later sold his patents to, were eventually successful in a patent infringement suit against the Eastman Kodak Company. Nevertheless, the groundwork in these products was set for a photographic film, as opposed to a photographic plate, with all the implications that has for motion pictures.
As thermoplastics, celluloids found a wide variety of uses in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Things like knife handles, ball point pen bodies, collars and cuffs, toys, etc were made of this material. However, it burned easily and suffered from spontaneous decomposition, and was largely replaced by cellulose acetate plastics and polyethylenes by the middle of the 20th century.
A typical formulation of celluloid might contain 70 to 80 parts nitrocellulose, nitrated to 11% nitrogen, 30 parts camphor[?], 0 to 14 parts dye, 1 to 5 parts ethyl alcohol, plus stabilizers and other agents to increase stability and reduce flammability.
One of the last products made from celluloid is the table tennis ball.
- Further information
- Celluloid
- http://www.plastiquarian.com/celluloi.htm
- History of Celluloid
- http://www.sit.wisc.edu/~rjkubiak/History%20of%20Celluloid.html
The
bear fruit. Ellerey would have to move cautiously, and time was
Ellerey had passed through them. Countess Mavrodin's house.html">house was watched,
so far his prompt action had saved the situation. A few hours were
of Captain Ward's cloak. The messenger.html">messenger.html">messenger who brought it was promptly
it from Captain Ellerey himself an nour before midnight, he said.
"Why were you chosen as a messenger?" asked Lord Cloverton.
"I cannot say. I brought it because I was paid to do so."
"You seem very certain of the time. Did Captain Ellerey tell you the
dismissed, and then Lord Cloverton recognized that it would fit many
Ellerey was the man who had given it to the messenger. To-day the city.html">city
was still in Sturatzberg; had that been the intention in returning it?
he began to grow feverish for further news. Later he was with the King
could not believe that his cleverness would not be sufficient, sooner
utterly barren of result.
So Frina Mavrodin was admitted. The presence of the British Ambassador
your instructions?" she asked.
"Countess, how can you think that?" said the King. "It is true that
been used to open your doors, as it would serve to open any door in
answered. "Naturally, I seek to know why I am suspected."
She puzzled Lord Cloverton more than ever. This was a bold stroke to
responsible for the actions of my officers? Believe me, the city is
if in the search some annoyance is given to innocent persons, is it
the gravest importance to me. That my house is searched for a.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|