Centum
Centum is the collective name for the branches of Indo-European (see: Indo-European languages) in which the so-called Satem shift (the change of palato-velar *k^, *g^, *g^h into fricatives or affricates; see: affricate) did not take place, and the palato-velar consonants merged with plain velars (*k, *g, *gh). Most of the Centum languages preserve Proto-Indo-European labio-velars (*kw, *gw, *gwh) or their historical reflexes as distinct from plain velars; for example, PIE *k, *kw > Latin c /k[?]/, qu /k[?]w/, Greek /k[?]/, /p[?]/ (or /t[?]/ before front vowels), Gothic /h[?]/, /h[?]w/, etc.The name Centum comes from the Latin word centum '100', pronounced [kentum] < PIE *k^mtom, illustrating the falling together of *k and *k^. Compare Sanskrit s′ata- or Russian sto, in which *k^ changed into a fricative (see: Satem).
The Centum branches (which, by the way, developed independently from Proto-Indo-European and do not constitute a valid genetic unit) include Anatolian, Tocharian, Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, and probably a number of minor and little known extinct groups.
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grandeur from the perfect harmony of its proportions.
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sufferings of others. But, amidst the gloom which gathered around her, she
the future; and, when she resigned her last breath, it was amidst the
see the most unequivocal testimony to the virtues of Isabella. In the
measures of her administration have found favor and been perpetuated,
misconception of her real merits. In order to estimate these, we must
condition in which she found the state, and in which she left it. We shall
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character. [74] Her own subjects extol her as "the most brilliant exemplar
prosperity and happiness of their country." [75] While those who had
amiable qualities, whose full power is revealed only in the unrestrained
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