Characteristic subgroup
In abstract algebra, a characteristic subgroup of a group G is a subgroup H of G invariant under each automorphism of G. This means that if f : G -> G is a group automorphism (a bijective homomorphism from the group G to itself), then for every x in H we have f(x) in H.Characteristic subgroups are in particular invariant under inner automorphisms, so they are normal subgroups. However, the converse isn't true; for example, consider the Klein group V4. Every subgroup of this group is normal; but there is an automorphism which essentially "swaps" the various subgroups of order 2, so these subgroups are not characteristic.
On the other hand, if H is a normal subgroup of G, and there are no other subgroups of the same order, then H must be characteristic; since automorphisms are order-preserving.
A related concept is that of a strictly characteristic subgroup. In this case the subgroup H is invariant under the applications of surjective endomorphisms. (Recall that for an infinite group, a surjective endomorphism isn't necessarily an automorphism).
For an even stronger constraint, a fully characteristic subgroup (also called a fully invariant subgroup) H of a group G is a group remaining invariant under every endomorphism of G; in other words, if f : G → G is any homomorphism, then f(H) is a subgroup of H.
Every fully characteristic subgroup is, perforce, a characteristic subgroup; but a characteristic subgroup need not be fully characteristic. The center of a group is always a strictly characteristic subgroup, but not always fully characteristic; for example, consider the group D6 × C2 (the direct product of a dihedral group and a cyclic group of order 2).
The derived subgroup (or commutator subgroup) of a group is always a fully characteristic subgroup, as is the torsion subgroup of an abelian group.
The property of being characteristic or fully characteristic is transitive; if H is a (fully) characteristic subgroup of K, and K is a (fully) characteristic subgroup of G, then H is a (fully) characteristic subgroup of G.
The relationship amongst these types of subgroups can be expressed as:
subgroup ← normal subgroup ← characteristic subgroup ← strictly characteristic subgroup ← fully characteristic subgroup
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