Defensive wall : City wall
Defensive walls were common from the ancient period into the medieval period. Generally, these are referred to as city walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions.In the 1980s Morocco built a system of sand wall defenses to keep back the Polisario.
The German Democratic Republic claimed that the Berlin Wall was defensive, but it was rather to prevent unauthorized emigration.
City walls were still occasionally used as late as the 19th Century although by this time they were generally of wood (rather than stone) construction and used only around small frontier settlements. City walls also had towers and were frequently surrounded by trenches.
The practice of building these massive walls had been developed sometime before the rise of the Sumerian Empire and was connected with the rise of city-states.
Oftentimes the walls proved impenetrable to attacking armies which then laid siege to the city.
Within walled cities, the poor and "noxious trades" were generally located near or outside the walls.
Chinese cities occasionally have remnants of city walls that were built in the Ming Dynasty and designed to withstand artillery bombardment. Chinese cities generally outgrew their walls, which fell into disrepair in the Qing dynasty. One example is Xian.
Portions of a Roman wall are still standing in Barcelona, and many Spanish cities, such as Avila[?] and Toledo, have medieval walls.
The remnants of the city walls of York are both a shortcut above the streets and, as in many places, a tourist attraction.
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in a boat with provisions plenty. Then we sailed for Boston. We never
again the very hour we found port. We were taken and condemned. First,
pillory; from the pillory to the wooden horse." Here he laughed, and the
pulp from my neck to my loins. After that I was to hang. I was the only
prison and ran. For years I was a slave among the Spaniards. Years
thing, this to do for another. Who was it gave me that rogues' march
out law in Massachusetts in the king's name, by the grace of God. It was
would go but once. Blood of my soul, the dear lad was gone. But there
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one of the dogs we'd set adrift. The child stared at me hard, and I
she cried out in great fright--the sweet innocent! and then the wench
but she did not remember." He rubbed his chin in ecstasy and drummed his
great will be the ransom. Great will be the ransom, my Frenchman!" And
CHAPTER VI
THE KIDNAPPING
The rejoicing had reached its apogee, and was on the wane. The Puritan
comfortably sweated his obedience and content; the Cavalier had paced it
Indian, come from his far hunting-grounds, bivouacked in the governor's
ceremonial as he had been, his mind had run upon Bucklaw and the
came for his visit to the Nell Gwynn. With his two soldier friends and
looked to find Bucklaw. Bucklaw was not there: he had other fish to fry,
afternoon.
"It's a bold scheme," Bucklaw was saying to his fellow-ruffian in the
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