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There are two basic categories of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses.
The independent clause can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Multiple independent clauses can be joined (usually with a comma and a coordinating conjunction) to form a compound sentence.
Examples:
I am a bus driver. (simple sentence)
I want to be an astronaut. (simple sentence)
I am a bus driver, but I want to be an astronaut. (compound sentence)
Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as sentences. They usually begin with subordinating conjunctions. A sentence with an independent clause and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a complex sentence. One with two or more independent clauses and any number of dependent clauses is referred to as a compound-complex sentence.
Examples:
My sister cried because she scraped her knee. (complex sentence)
Subjects: My sister, she
Predicates: cried, scraped her knee
Subordinating conjunction: because
When they told me I won the contest, I cried, but I didn't faint. (compound-complex sentence)
Subjects: they, I, I, I
Predicates: told me, won the contest, cried, didn't faint
Subordinating conjunctions: When, that (understood)
Coordinating conjunction: but
The above sentence actually contains two dependent clauses. "When they told me" is one; the other is "(that) I won the contest." The "that" is understood to precede the "I won" and functions as a subordinating conjunction.
There are a few types of dependent clauses, each of which functions as a part of speech: noun clauses, adjective clauses, and adverb clauses.
Examples:
That the kid was making so much money bothered me.
Noun clause: That the kid was making so much money (functions as a subject)
Her eyes were a shade of blue that reminded me of the sea.
Adjective clause: that reminded me of the sea
I have a tendency to hyperventilate when I'm upset.
Adverb clause: when I'm upset
Clauses should not be confused with phrases, which do not express complete thoughts through combinations of subjects and predicates. Phrases generally do not contain verbs except as verbals (gerunds, participles, and infinitives).
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ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the fourth
physicians at Salerno. His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the
chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature.
PRISCIAN (circ. 525). Grammarian and physicist.
PTOLEMY (circ. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic
afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468;
[Ven., 1548, etc.]
REMIGIUS (d. 908). A teacher.html">teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris. His
Marcianus Capella.
RICARDUS DE ST. VICTOR (d. 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St.
renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the
Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford.
health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to
times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease
POLYHISTORIA.
STEPHANUS (circ. 600). Commentary on Galen.
STRABUS (d. 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance.
DE NATURA.
ZENO (circ. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria.
_This list of Authorities cited is that given at the end of the
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_Latin Editions_
HC 2501 1048 1868 1481 Köln.
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