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ConfuciusConfucius (孔夫子 pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ, literal meaning: "Teacher/Master Kong") (traditionally 551 BC - 479 BC) is one of the best-known of ancient Chinese philosophers. His philosophy, called Confucianism, was extremely influential in China and still is to some degree, especially in Taiwan. He was born in the Chinese State of Lu[?] (魯國) in 551 BC (Spring and Autumn Period) and was the son of a noble family who had recently fled from the State of Song[?]. His parents, however, died when he was three and he grew up in very poor conditions as an orphan. He spent his time attempting to learn everything there was to know, and then passing on those knowledge he possessed onto others.
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The Confucian theory of ethics is based on three important concepts:
Confucius' political theory is based upon his ethical theory. He argues that the best government is one that rules through people's natural morality, their ren, rather than using bribery and force. He believed that people were naturally good, and needed to be pushed by outside influences to act badly.
While he supported the idea of the all powerful Emperor, his philosophies contained a number of elements to limit the power of the rulers. He argued for according language with truth. This was built upon by his disciple Mencius to argue that is the King was not acting like a King, he should no longer be King and lost the Mandate of Heaven[?].
Confucius outlined a society based strongly upon hierarchy. To him, women were firmly at the bottom of that hierarchy. He intended virtually all of his philosophy and ethical system to apply only to men.
The following is a list of temples worldwide that are dedicated to Confucius.
Confucius' philosophical school was continued by his grandson Zisi[?] and then Mencius. They built upon and expanded his philosophical system. This is referred to today as the Si-Meng School[?].
His descendants were tracked down by the imperial government. They were honoured the rank of a marquis[?] 35 times since Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, and they were promoted to the rank of duke 42 times from the Tang Dynasty to 1935. One of the most common title is Duke Yanheng (衍聖公 yan3 sheng4 gong1), which means "overflowing with sainthood." The latest descendant is K'ung Te-ch'eng (孔德成 Kǒng Déchéng) (born 1920), who is the 77th generation and a professor in the National Taiwan University.
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