Convection 

Free Convection

Free convection occurs in any liquid or gas which expands or contracts in response to changing temperatures when it is exposed to multiple temperatures in an acceleration field such as gravity or a centrifuge. The local changes in density results in buoyancy forces that cause currents in the fluid.

Atmospheric convection

In the case of Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation heats the Earth's surface, and this heat is then transferred to the air by conduction. When a layer of air receives enough heat from the Earth's surface, it expands, becomes less dense and is pushed upward by buoyancy. Colder, heavier air sinks under it and is then warmed, expands, and rises. The warm rising air cools as it reaches the higher, cooler regions of the atmosphere and begins to sink. These convection currents causes local breezes, winds, cyclones and thunderstorms.

Heat is lost from the rising air through radiation into space.

See also weather.

Oceanic Convection

Solar radiation also affects the oceans. Warm water from the Equator tends to circulate toward the poles, while cold polar water heads towards the Equator.

Mantle Convection

Free and Forced Convection

In heat transfer, we talk of free and forced convection.

Free convection is convection where motion of the fluid arises solely due to the temperature differences existing within the fluid. Example: hot air rising off the surface of a radiator.

Forced convection is where motion of the fluid is imposed externally (such as by a pump or fan). Example: a fan-powered heater, where a fan blows cool air past a heating element, heating the air.

Convection at a surface

In both of the previous examples, an engineer would often be interested in the rate of heat transfer from the hot 'source' surface to the fluid medium.

The local convective heat flux of a fluid passing over a surface is expressed as

q" = h (T_s - T_∞);

q" local heat flux (dq/dA)

h local convection coefficient

T_s surface temperature

T_∞ quiescent or ambient temperature

The total heat transfer over a surface is then calculated as the integral of q",

q = ∫_Asq" dA_s

A_s area of the surface

q total heat transfer rate (units of energy/time)

This then leads to a definition of average convection coefficient, h-bar, defined from

q = h-bar A_s (T_s - T_∞)

Studies of forced convection lead to a close inspection of the flow in the boundary layer of the fluid.

See also Fluid Mechanics, Advection, and Grashof Number.

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