Fricative consonant
Fricative consonants are produced by air flowing through a narrow channel made by the approximation of two articulating organs (e.g. the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth, as in the pronunciation of English initial "th" in thick, or the back of the tongue and the soft palate, as in the case of German [x], the final consonant of Bach). Turbulent airflow produces a characteristic noise called "friction". Fricatives may be voiceless or voiced (see phonation).List of fricatives
- [ɸ] voiceless bilabial fricative
- [β] voiced
- [f] voiceless labiodental fricative
- [v] voiced
- [θ] voiceless dental fricative
- [ð] voiced
- [s] voiceless alveolar fricative
- [z] voiced
- [ʃ] voiceless postalveolar[?] fricative
- [ʒ] voiced
- [ʂ] voiceless retroflex[?] fricative
- [ʐ] voiced
- [ç] voiceless palatal fricative
- [ʝ] voiced
- [x] voiceless velar fricative
- [ɣ] voiced
- [χ] voiceless uvular fricative
- [ʁ] voiced
- [ħ] voiceless pharyngeal[?] fricative
- [ʕ] voiced
- [h] voiceless glottal fricative
- [ɦ] voiced
English has the following fricatives:
[f], [s] as in sit, [S] ("sh") as in show and [T] ("th") as in thick (voiceless)
[v], [z], [Z] ("zh") as in pleasure, [D] (the other "th") as in that (voiced)
The glottal approximant [h] is also sometimes described as a fricative.
See also: phonetics, approximant stop, affricate
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