Jansenism
Jansenism was a branch of Christian philosophy founded by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), a Flemish theologian.An opponent of the Jesuits, Jansen proposed a return to the principles laid down in the work of St Augustine of Hippo. His posthumously-published work, Augustinus (1640) gained an increased following, and prominent adherents of Jansenism included Racine and Pascal. In France, Jansenism was associated with the convent of Port-Royal, which operated a number of famous schools that educated Racine and Pascal.
Jansenism emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. In Jansenist thought, human beings were born bad, and without divine help a human being could never become good. This meant that one had to be very careful about one's choices, exhibit a high level of piety and moral rectitude, and prepare carefully through prayer and confession before receiving Communion (hence they favored less frequent reception). The Jansenist idea of predestination, based on Augustine's writing and close to that of Calvinism, was that only a small number of human beings, the "elect", were destined to be saved.
Jansenism was condemned as heretical in several papal bulls, notably by Innocent X and Clement XI. It is interesting to note that because Jansen himself died before his work was published and he included statements of submission to the Roman church in it, he himself was never considered a heretic.
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Indeed, Good, who is always fond of a bad
drawbridge, where we were met by the rattling of arms and the hoarse
catch, which was met with a salute, and we passed on through the
tramp, past endless lines of huts, Infadoos halted at last by the gate
powdered limestone, and informed us that these were to be our "poor"
These huts were superior to any that we had yet seen, and in each was
aromatic grass. Food too was ready for us, and so soon as we had
some young women of handsome appearance brought us roasted meats, and
us with deep obeisances.
We ate and drank, and then, the beds having been all moved into one
smiled, we flung ourselves down to sleep, thoroughly wearied with our
female attendants, who did not seem to be troubled by any false shame,
help us to "make ready."
"Make ready, indeed," growled Good; "when one has only a flannel shirt
them for my trousers, Quatermain."
I asked accordingly, but was informed that these sacred relics had
the young ladies to step outside, we proceeded to make the best toilet
again shaving the right side of his face; the left, on which now
on no account touch. As for ourselves, we were contented with a.
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