|
|
| word looked up : | home / archive |
Law : LegalIn science, the word law refers to a statement that describes regular or patterned relationships among observable phenomena (see physical law). Laws of logic and mathematics describe the nature of rational thought. Laws of economics and psychology describe the nature of human behavior and interaction. Many adages are popularly known as "laws"; such as Murphy's law. This article is concerned with laws of politics and jurisprudence: rules of conduct which mandate and/or proscribe specified relationships among people and organizations; as well as punishments for those who do not follow the established rules of conduct. In ethics and moral philosophy this type of law is often called a "human legal code" to distinguish it from more fundamental laws applicable to all beings (metaphysics, ontology). Such a body of laws can be seen as a legally-enforced ethical code or as a "secular moral code" (to the degree that political leaders replace religious leaders as moral examples). Because lawyers and jurists more than other professions are self-regulating, almost by definition, they are often held to higher standards of behaviour or at least a stricter etiquette. These concerns are not part of this article, because those expectations and disciplines are specific to each legal code. This article takes an English speaking point of view and deals with other legal traditions and codes by way of comparison only.
| |||
Law codification involves the legislation and regulation of statutes; as well as the resolution of disputess. In the civil law system codification is also an attempt to structure the law according to fundamental ethical principles to create a sense of order and simplicity that all members of society can comprehend, not merely university trained jurists. Stating the law in simple, precise terms, understandable to the lay person without a specialized legal education, is the only ay they can reasonably obey it or be fairly sanctioned for not obeying it.
This overlaps with the idea of a formal social legal code as understood in ethics. This may be understandable to the educated lay person but perhaps not to the ordinary lay person. For example, one can explain the idea of precedent more easily than that of the reasonable man[?], but it may be much harder to explain why precedent is "fair" to one without "higher education". The following are examples of such lay explanations. of different branches of law, and theories of law.
They are not comprehensive.
Please note: Wikipedia doesn't give legal advice.
In addition to being part of the societal framework law is also an academic discipline and a profession. Lawyers are sometimes called by other names, as in England where the profession is divided between solicitors and barristers. Sometimes they are also called notaries. They are professionally trained in the United States at graduate[?] schools of law leading to the J.D. degree (Juris Doctor). In other countries legal education is considered to start at the undergraduate stage taught in faculty of law leading to the L.L.B. or B.C.L. degrees. Most of these schools also have advanced legal degrees such as the LL.M.[?] and the J.S.D.[?] degrees. Many persons who attend law school never practice law but use their knowledge of law in another profession. See Law (academic) and jurisprudence For law as a profession, see lawyer, jurist and practice of law.
Most laws and legal systems --at least in the Western world-- are quite similar
in their essential themes, arising from similar values and similar social,
economic, and political conditions, and they typically differ less in their
substantive content than in their jargon and procedures.
One of the fundamental similarities across different legal systems is that,
to be of general approval and observation, a law has to appear to be public,
effective, and legitimate, in the sense that it has to be available to the
knowledge of the citizen in common places or means, it needs to contain
instruments to grant its application, and it has to be issued under given
formal procedures from a recognized authority.
In the context of most legal systems, laws are enacted through the processes
of constitutional charter, constitutional amendment, legislation,
executive order, rulemaking[?], and adjudication; within Common law jurisdictions, rulings by judges are an important additional source
of legal rules.
However, de facto laws also come into existence through custom and
tradition. (See generally Consuetudinary law; Anarchist law.)
A particular society or community adopts a specific set of laws to
regulate the behavior of its own members, to order life in its political
territory, to grant or acknowledge the rights and privileges of its
citizens and other people who may come under the jurisdiction of its
courts, and to resolve disputes.
There are several distinct laws and legal traditions, and each
jurisdiction has its own set of laws and its own legal system.
Individually codified laws are known as statutes, and the collective body
of laws relating to one subject or emanating from one source are usually
identified by specific reference.
(E.g., Roman law, Common law, and Criminal law.)
Moreover, the several different levels of government each produce their
own laws, though the extent to which law is centralized varies.
Thus, at any one place there can be conflicting laws in force at the local,
regional, state, national, or international levels.
(See conflict of laws, Preemption of State and Local Laws.)
See also:
law (principle),
religious law,
legal code,
natural law
or other equivalent.html">equivalent proprietary form).
[2] Honor the etext refund and replacement provisions of this
ne/net.html">net profits you derive.html">derive calculated using the method you
don't derive profits, no royalty.html">royalty is due. Royalties are
University" within the 60 days following each
your annual (or equivalent periodic) tax return.
WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?
scanning machines, OCR software, public domain etexts, royalty
you can think of. Money should be paid to "Project Gutenberg
Im sandigen Lande, wo nicht viel Grünes wächst, wohnten einige Meilen
ein Töpfer und seine.html">seine Frau mitten auf ihrem Tonfeld neben ihrem
ringsum so flach wie ein See, kein Baum und Busch war zu sehen, und es
Himmel, er möge ihnen doch ein Kind bescheren, damit sie eine
Töpfer verzierte alle seine Gefäße mit schönen Engelsköpfen, und die.html">die
und Bäumen, bei welchen Kinder spielten; denn wonach das Herz sich
Geburtstag verfertigt, eine wunderschöne Wiege von dem weißesten Ton,
Gartengefäß von rotem Ton, rings mit bunten Schmetterlingen und Blumen
Gartengefäß mit der besten Erde, die sie selbst stundenweit in ihrer
ihre Schlafstelle, in beständiger Hoffnung, der Himmel werde ihr ihre
Schenke mir.html">mir ein liebes Kind,
Ists ein Mägdlein, da/da.html">daß es spinnt
Und dabei hübsch singt und betet;
Daß er kluge Dinge redet
Stark von Willen, kühn von Tat,
Wie im Kampfe, so im Rat.
Gib, daß mir ein Kind drin liege!
Gib mir doch nur eine Wonne,
das ich in der lieben Sonne
Daß ich mich mit meinem Gatten
.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|