Poll tax
Poll Tax, also known as capitation, refers to a tax collected equally from all people.In the United Kingdom, "Poll Tax" commonly refers to two taxes levied by John of Gaunt and Margaret Thatcher, in the fourteenth and twentieth centuries respectively. See the United Kingdom section below for more information.
The word poll[?] is an English word that also means "head".
United States
The United States Constitution, Article 1, section 9, prohibits Congress from laying capitation taxes or other direct taxes. (The Sixteenth Amendment allows the Federal government to tax income.) However, some states used poll taxes and literacy tests to determine eligibility for suffrage, circumventing the Fifteenth Amendment with a "grandfather clause" that allowed any adult male whose father or grandfather voted to vote. The Twenty-fourth Amendment also ended this process.
United Kingdom
John of Gaunt, the regent of Richard II of England, levied his poll tax in 1381 to finance the war against France that was in progress. Each person aged over 15 was required to pay the amount of one shilling, which was a large amount then. This provoked the Peasants' Revolt, due in part to attempts to restore feudal conditions in rural areas.
Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, decided to replace the rating system of local taxes (based on the value of a house) with Community Charge (based on each adult resident in a house). The bill for the Community Charge was passed in 1988 and the new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year.
This became known as the Poll Tax due to people becoming suspicious (correctly, as events transpired) that the Electoral register[?] would be used to find people for the purposes of collecting this tax. A large number of people were estimated to have disappeared from the electoral roll, and avoided re-registration, because of this tax.
It was thought to be unfair as the tax burden shifted from the estimated price of a house to the number of people living in it, with the perceived effect of shifting the tax burden from the rich to the poor. It did not help that Margaret Thatcher chose to champion the Community Charge herself and apparently chose to be both ruthless in imposing it and adamant that there would be no "U-turns" (reversals in policy).
The charge was bitterly opposed and people sought to protest through mass protests and through not paying it so they would be prosecuted in a manner close to Gandhi's Passive Resistance[?].
However as the charges began to rise, and enforcement measures became increasingly draconian, unrest mounted and culminated in a number of riots. The most serious of these happened in London on March 31, 1990, and started during a protest at Trafalgar Square, London, which 300,000 protestors had attended.
Politicians of the governing UK Conservative party came to the conclusion that their party was doomed to electoral defeat if the tax remained and that there was no prospect of its abandonment while Mrs Thatcher remained leader. This resulted in the success of a leadership challenge by Michael Heseltine in demonstrating the untenability of her position (although in the actual vote of MPs Thatcher prevailed by a margin of 50 votes out of 370). On November 22, 1990 Mrs Thatcher resigned and all three contenders to succeed her pledged to abandon the tax.
The successful candidate, John Major, appointed his defeated rival Michael Heseltine to the post of Environment Secretary responsible for replacing the Community Charge. By the time of the 1992 General Election, legislation had been passed replacing Community Charge with the Council Tax from the start of the 1993/94 financial year.
The Council Tax strongly resembled the rating system that the Poll Tax had replaced. The main differences were that it was levied on capital value rather than notional rental value of a property, and that a 25% discount for single occupancy dwellings was introduced.
External links
- Pictures by Paul Ross who witnessed the riot. (http://www.caliach.com/paulr/violence/riots/polltax.html)
- The Battle that brought down Thatcher (http://www.militant.org.uk/PollTax.html) - A far-left perspective.
This happens if they believe.html">believe the promise of Christ, that for His sake
these fears, receives remission of sins, justifies and quickens. For
life]. These things are plain and clear, and can be understood by
the conversion of Paul and Augustine]. The adversaries nowhere can
confer the Holy Ghost _ex opere operato_, without a good.html">good emotion in
idle matter.
But since we speak.html">speak of such faith.html">faith.html">faith as is not an idle thought, but of
[which is such a new light, life, and force in the heart as to renew
and is the work of the Holy Ghost; this does not coexist with mortal
present, produces good fruits as we will say after a while. For
regeneration, what can be said that is more simple and more clear?
commentary upon the Sententiae that speaks of the mode.html">mode of
that men merit it through works and they do not teach that it is
this time. But God cannot be treated with, God cannot be apprehended,
the Word, just as Paul says, Rom. 1, 16: The Gospel is the power of
Faith cometh by hearing. And proof can be derived even from this
the Word, and the Word is apprehended only by faith, it follows that
have said these things thus far in order that we might show the mode
faith], concerning which we speak, might be understood.
Now we will show that faith [and nothing else] justifies. Here, in
is necessary to maintain this sentence: Christ is Mediator, so is it
will Christ be Mediator if in justification we do not use Him as
righteous? But to believe is to trust in the merits of Christ, that
just as we ought to maintain that, apart from the Law, the promise
.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|