The Presocratics : Presocratic
The history of Philosophy in the west begins with the Greeks, and particularly with a group of philosophers commonly called the pre-Socratics. This isn't to say that there were not other pre-philosophical rumblings in Egyptian, Semitic, and Babylonian cultures. Certainly there were great thinkers and writers in each of these cultures, and there is evidence that some of the earliest Greek philosophers may have had contact with at least some of the products of Egyptian and Babylonian thought. However, the early Greek thinkers add at least one element which differentiates their thought from all those who came before them. For the first time in history, we discover in their writings something more than dogmatic assertions about the way the world is ordered -- we find reasoned arguments for various beliefs about the world.As it turns out, nearly all of the various cosmologies proposed by the early Greek philosophers are profoundly and demonstrably false, but this doesn't diminish their importance. For, even if later philosophers summarily rejected the answers they provided, they could not escape their questions.
- Where does everything come from?
- What is it really made out of?
- How do we explain the plurality of things found in nature?
- Why are we able to describe them with a singular mathematics?
As important as the questions they asked was the method they followed in forming and transmitting their answers. The pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomenon they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. In other words they depended on reason and observation to illuminate the true nature of the world around them, and they used rational argument to advance their views to others. And though there has been a great deal of argument about the relative weights that reason and observation should have, philosophers for over two thousand years have been basically united in the use of the very method first used by the pre-Socratics.
Pre-Socratic philosophers are often very hard to pin down, and it is sometimes very difficult to determine the actual line of argument they used in supporting their particular views. This problem arises not from some defect in the men themselves or in their ideas, but is simply the result of their separation from us in history. While most of these men produced significant texts, we have no complete versions of any of those texts. All we have is quotations by later philosophers, historians, and the occasional textual fragment.
Pre-socratic philosphers include:
- Thales
- Anaximander
- Pythagoras
- Heraclitus
- Parmenides, Xenophanes, and the other Eleatic[?] philosophers
- Leucippus and Democritus -- the atomists[?]
- Protagoras and the Sophists[?]
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came a great clattering. Arthur turned his eyes, frowning, at the
were heard and then into the great hall thundered the steeds carrying
by Allan the page.
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by so many eyes. On foot he entered once again and found place far in
hasten and could not have come the sooner."
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Truly his speed was great to have reached you in time for your return.
you, Gawaine, nor you Launcelot, were any too ready to return. How
urgent haste and we were both to give it up. Yet did the boy urge us
demanded the success of his mission. Those were fine words, so did we
bring him forth?"
So Allan came forward, red of face and hating such womanness that
King.
"Thou art a good lad and will bear watching. Go thy way and remember
is steep and arduous but well worth the trials. Remember too, that
and brave knight."
And as Allan with flaming cheeks and glorious pride went to his place
had a great dream which affects this court and us and which must be
done. Stand up now Merlin, wisest of men and truest of counselors.
their breath.
"But the other night came Joseph of Armathea to me while I slept. And
knights had thought to seek the wondrous Holy Grail which once was
these knights who seek adventure and glory.'
"'Yet.' said I, 'doubt not their valor for can I give surety for it.
give his life and count it more than.
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