Representative recall
Representative recall refers to any system of political representation, especially a representative democracy, where those represented have the power to recall their representative from the assembly, legislature, committee, conference, or other body where s/he is inadequately representing their own values and/or views. It is a special form of disapproval voting and of formal disapproval as practiced by electors on incumbents.Often it is also a first step towards direct democracy or mediated direct democracy. Some consider this measure alone sufficient to satisfy grassroots democracy advocates, but most find it inadequate without other measures, e.g. referendum, electoral reform, bioregional democracy, that increase political accountability, and increase the role of citizens, ecologies, etc..
The Canadian province of British Columbia has representative recall. In that province, voters in a provincial riding/district can petition to have a sitting representative removed from office, even a Premier presently leading a government. If enough voters sign the petition[?], a referendum is held, and if successful a by-election is held as soon as possible, so that politician can be replaced. Fourteen U.S. states have similar measures in their constitutions - and many more municipalities - but generally these measures are harder to implement than in B.C., where in January 2003 there were a record twenty-two such recalls under way.
It isn't always necessary for an actual law to be applied to all representatives, if party discipline is effective and existing laws give parties the power to disempower sitting representatives, then an informal system of representative recall is possible. Again in Canada, the federal Canadian Alliance Party has made representative recall part of its platform for electoral reform, and implements it (in a way) within its party. If the members of any CA riding association vote to recall a CA federal Member of Parliament presently in office, that representative is denied all funds and support for re-election, and other CA members cannot sit in caucus with them, nor share party funds with them. In effect, these measures force the resignation of the recalled member, as they become ineffective due to political isolation, social pressure and ridicule.
See also: disapproval voting, representative democracy, electoral reform, grassroots democracy, formal disapproval
her the Youngbloods and their two babies, and Laura Wright, that
Forty-eight years ago!
Life was a fairy-tale, then, it is a tragedy now. When I was 43 and John
years ago he asked me to testify again: I counted my graves, and there
ever really ceases to feel young--I mean, for a whole day at a time. My
MARK.
custom to keep a bottle of Scotch whiskey with his collection of
During restless nights he found a small quantity of it conducive to
business to supply Scotch of his own special importation. The first
characteristic acknowledgment.
DEAR ST. ANDREW,--The whisky arrived in due course from over the water;
me, on the instalment plan.html">plan, with this result: that I believe it to be the
discarded Peruna.
Hoping that you three are well and happy and will be coming back before
I am,
MARK.
perhaps he had able assistance. The next brief line refers to the
museum at Rouen.
DEAR SIR,--I have found the original manuscript and with great pleasure I
the world's supremest heroine honored by a place in that Museum.
S. L. CLEMENS.
General Fred Grant, mainly with a view of advertising the lecture
Fulton Monument Association. It was, in fact, to be Mark Twain's
him a thousand dollars for it. The exchange of these letters,
against the pillows, pen in hand, with General Grant beside him,
plan was discarded, so that this pleasant foolery appears here for
.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|