Statistics 

Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that includes planning, summarizing, and interpreting uncertain observations. Probability theory plays a critical role in the development of statistical theory. The word comes from the modern Latin phrase statisticum collegium (lecture about state affairs), from which came the Italian word statista, which means "statesman" or "politician" (compare to status) and the German Statistik, originally designating the analysis of data about the state. It acquired the meaning of the collection and classification of data generally in the early nineteenth century.

We describe our knowledge (and ignorance) mathematically and attempt to learn more from whatever we can observe. This requires us to

1. plan our observations to control their variability,
2. summarize a collection of observations to feature their communality by suppressing details (descriptive statistics), and
3. reach consensus about what the observations tell us about the world we observe (statistical inference).

In some forms of descriptive statistics, notably data mining, the second and third of these steps become so prominent that the first step (planning) appears to become less important. In these disciplines, data often are collected outside the control of the person doing the analysis, and the result of the analysis may be more an operational model than a consensus report about the world.

The probability of an event is often defined as a number between one and zero rather than a percentage. In reality however there is virtually nothing that has a probability of 1 or 0. You could say that the sun will come up in the morning, but what if an extremely unlikely quantum event destroys the sun? What if there is a nuclear war and the sky is covered in ash and smoke?

We often round the probability of such things up or down because they are so likely or unlikely to occur, that it's easier to recognise them as a probability of one or zero.

However, this can often lead to misunderstandings and dangerous behaviour, because people are unable to distinguish between, e.g., a probability of 10^-4 and a probability of 10^-9, despite the very practical difference between them. If you expect to cross the road about 10⁵ or 10⁶ times in your life, then reducing your risk per road crossing to 10^-9 will make you safe for your whole life, while a risk per road crossing of 10^-4 will make it very likely that you will have an accident, despite the intuitive feeling that 0.01% is a very small risk.

Some sciences use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include:

• Biostatistics
• Business statistics
• Economic statistics[?]
• Engineering statistics
• Population statistics[?]
• Psychological statistics
• Social statistics[?] (for all the social sciences)
• Process Analysis[?] and Chemometrics[?] (for analysis of data from Analytical Chemistry and Chemical engineering)

Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in "statistical process control" or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data driven decisions. In these roles it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.

Links to observable statistical phenomena are collected at statistical phenomena

See also

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) -- Multivariate statistics -- Extreme value theory -- List of statisticians -- List of statistical topics

External link

• The R Project for Statistical Computing (http://www.r-project.org/)
• The Probability Web (http://www.mathcs.carleton.edu/probweb/probweb.html)
• Virtual Laboratories in Probability and Statistics (http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/index.html)