Strain
Strain, in any branch of science dealling with materials and their behaviour, is the geometrical expression of deformation caused by the action of stress on a physical body. Strain therefore expresses itself as a change in size and/or shape. In the case of geological action of the earth, if the release of stress through strain in rocks is sufficiently large, earthquakes may occur.If strain is equal over all parts of the body, it is referred to as homogenous strain; otherwise, it is inhomogenous strain.
Strain in the Earth resulting from stresses across faults results in motion over the fault surface and a combination of brittle[?] and ductile deformation of the surrounding rocks. Brittle strain is exhibited as fractures, faults and other discontinuous breaks in the fabric of the rock. Ductile strain occurs as shear zones[?], flow bands and folding.
Quantifying strain
Given that strain results in the deformation of a body, it can be measured by calculating the change in length of a line or by the change in angle between two lines (where these lines are theoretical constructs within the deformed body). The change in length of a line is termed the stretch and may be given by
- e=l/l0
This equation is commonly used to calculate the beta factor[?] for lithospheric extension during the formation of sedimentary basins.
See also: plate tectonics, geology, engineering.
with neglect, there is not much proof; but to a man, so long
sufficiently offensive, and might incline him to leave Sweden, from
with a train of attendants scarce less than regal.
He prepared a reply, which, left as it was imperfect, was published
probably most in pain for his Latinity, he endeavours to defend his
better authority.html">authority than any that he has found, that of Juvenal in his
- Quid agis cum dira et foedior omni
As Salmasius reproached Milton with losing his eyes in the quarrel,
Salmasius's life, and both perhaps with more malignity than reason.
commonly said to be killed by their last dispute, Milton was
he had destroyed monarchy, and commenced monarch himself, under the
That his authority was lawful, never was pretended; he himself
the honey of public employment, would not return to hunger and
usurpation, betrayed to his power that liberty which he had
in slavery; that he, who had justified the murder of his king, for
services, and his flatteries, to a tyrant, of whom it was evident
was such, that he was not disabled to discharge his office of Latin
be diverted, and too strong to be subdued.
About this time his first wife died in childbed, having left him
long continue the appearance of lamenting her; but after a short
Hackney, a woman doubtless educated in opinions like his own. She
it; and her husband honoured her memory with a poor sonnet.
The first reply to Milton's "Defensio Populi" was published in 1651,
Polypragmatici (alias Miltoni) defensionem destructivam Regis et
nephew Philips, under whose name he published an answer so much
.
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