word looked up : home / archive

 The Communist Manifesto 

The Communist Manifesto, first published on February 21, 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, is one of the world's most historically influential political tracts. Commissioned by the Communist League (antecedent to the Communist Party) and written by founding Communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it laid out the League's purposes and program. The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a proletariat revolution to overthrow "capitalism" and, ostensibly, to bring about a classless society.

A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.

Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?

The program described in the Manifesto -- that is to say, the policies the Communists of its day sought to implement -- is termed socialism. These policies included, among others, the abolition of land ownership and inheritance, the progressive income tax, and the nationalization of means of production and transportation. These policies, which would be implemented by a revolutionary government, would (the authors believed) be a precursor to communism, a stateless and classless society. The term "Communism" is also used to refer to the beliefs and practices of the Communist Party, including that of the Soviet era which differed substantially from Marx and Engels' conception.

When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organized power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organize itself as a class; if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class.

It is this concept of the transition from socialism to communism which many critics of the Manifesto, particularly during and after the Soviet era, have alighted upon. Anarchists, liberals, and conservatives have all asked how an organization such as the revolutionary state could ever (as Marx put it elsewhere) wither away. Both traditional understandings of the attraction of political power and more recent theories of organizational behavior suggest instead that a group or organization given political power and will tend to preserve its privilege rather than to permit it to wither away into a state of no privilege -- even if that privilege is given in the name of revolution and of the establishment of equality.

The Manifesto went through a number of editions from 1872 to 1890. Written for a lay audience -- indeed, addressed to the common workers -- it is one of the most readable works of Marx. Historically speaking, it provides a foundation for understanding the motives and policies of the Communists at the beginning of their movement.

The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that their ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing social conditions. Let the ruling classes tremble at a communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win.

Working men of all countries, unite!

External Links


I luffed Finding myself, shortly after, close in with the land, I tacked again whichever way I would, it seemed clear that if the sloop weathered the while beating against the current.html">current, always losing ground. So the matter as regularly as the beats of the long ocean swells, and always they had not the slightest doubt,--and a bad reef.html">reef at that. Worse still, current would sweep me, and where I should be hemmed in and finally day I had allowed on board the go/goat.html">goat that ate my chart. I taxed my among coral reefs where other ships might not come, but nothing that I Robinson Crusoe's ship in the fiction, and that gave me little kept his powder dry. "But there she booms again," I cried, "and how you'll go by, _Spray_, old girl! 'T is abeam now! One surge more! and her on the transom, proud of her last noble effort to leap clear of before, and, behold, from the crest of it was revealed at once all amazed, not distressed, but rejoiced. Aladdin's lamp! My fisherman's Trinidad, thirty miles away, throwing flashes over the waves, which and how glorious was the sight of it! But, dear Father Neptune, as I made a solemn declaration to that reef! Through all the rest of the might fetch up on a real one, I tacked off and on till daylight, as could have nailed the St. Helena goat's pelt to the deck. My course was now for Grenada, to which I carried letters from and cast anchor in the roads off the town of St. George, entering the forty-two days' sailing from the Cape of good.html">Good Hope, It was a good.

 On wordlookup.net  

All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.



logo

navig stuff

home
archive