Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure 

• 1521 - Ferdinand Magellan observes the Magellanic Clouds during his circumnavigating expedition,
• 1610 - Galileo Galilei uses a telescope to determine that the bright band on the sky, the "Milky Way", is composed of many faint stars,
• 1750 - Thomas Wright discusses galaxies and the shape of the Milky Way,
• 1755 - Drawing on Wright's work, Immanuel Kant conjectures that the galaxy is a rotating disk of stars held together by gravity, and that the nebulae are separate such galaxies,
• 1845 - Lord Rosse[?] discovers a nebula with a distinct spiral shape
• 1918 - Harlow Shapley[?] demonstrates that globular clusters are arranged in an spheroid or halo whose center isn't the Earth, decides, correctly, that its center is the center of the galaxy,
• 1920 - Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis[?] debate whether or not the spiral nebulae lie within the Milky Way,
• 1923 - Edwin Hubble resolves the Shapely-Curtis debate by finding Cepheids in Andromeda,
• 1930 - Robert Trumpler[?] uses open cluster observations to quantify the absorption of light by interstellar dust in the galactic plane; this absorption had plagued earlier models of the Milky Way,
• 1932 - Karl Guthe Jansky discovers radio noise[?] from the center of the Milky Way,
• 1933 - Fritz Zwicky[?] applies the virial theorem to the Coma cluster[?] and obtains evidence for unseen mass,
• 1936 - Edwin Hubble introduces the spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxy classifications,
• 1939 - Grote Reber[?] discovers the radio source Cygnus A[?],
• 1943 - Carl Keenan Seyfert[?] identifies six spiral galaxies with unusually broad emission lines, named Seyfert galaxies,
• 1949 - J.G. Bolton, G.J. Stanley, and O.B. Slee identify NGC 4486 (M87) and NGC 5128[?] as extragalactic radio sources,
• 1953 - Gerard de Vaucouleurs[?] discovers that the galaxies within approximately 200 million light years of the Virgo cluster are confined to a giant supercluster disk,
• 1954 - Walter Baade[?] and Rudolph Minkowski[?] identify the extragalactic optical counterpart of the radio source Cygnus A,
• 1960 - Thomas Matthews[?] determines the radio position of 3C48[?] to within 5",
• 1960 - Allan Sandage[?] optically studies 3C48 and observes an unusual blue quasistellar object,
• 1962 - Cyril Hazard[?], M.B. Mackey, and A.J. Shimmins use lunar occultations[?] to determine a precise position for the quasar 3C273 and deduce that it is a double source,
• 1963 - Maarten Schmidt[?] identifies the redshifted Balmer lines from the quasar 3C273
• 1973 - Jeremiah Ostriker[?] and James Peebles[?] discover that the amount of visible matter in the disks of typical spiral galaxies isn't enough for Newtonian gravitation to keep the disks from flying apart or drastically changing shape,
• 1974 - B.L. Fanaroff and J.M. Riley distinguish between edge-darkened (FR I) and edge-brightened (FR II) radio sources,
• 1976 - Sandra Faber[?] and Robert Jackson[?] discover the Faber-Jackson relation between the luminosity of an elliptical galaxy and the velocity dispersion in its center,
• 1977 - Brent Tully[?] and Richard Fisher[?] discover the Tully-Fisher relation between the luminosity of an isolated spiral galaxy and the velocity of the flat part of its rotation curve[?],
• 1978 - Steve Gregory[?] and Laird Thompson[?] describe the Coma supercluster,
• 1978 - Vera Rubin[?], Kent Ford[?], N. Thonnard, and Albert Bosma[?] measure the rotation curves of several spiral galaxies and find significant deviations from what is predicted by the Newtonian gravitation of visible stars,
• 1981 - Robert Kirshner[?], August Oemler[?], Paul Schechter[?], and Stephen Shectman[?] find evidence for a giant void in Bootes with a diameter of approximately 100 million light years,
• 1985 - Robert Antonucci[?] and J. Miller discover that the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 1068[?] has broad lines which can only be seen in polarized reflected light,
• 1986 - Amos Yahil[?], David Walker[?], and Michael Rowan-Robinson[?] find that the direction of the IRAS[?] galaxy density dipole agrees with the direction of the cosmic microwave background temperature dipole,
• 1987 - David Burstein[?], Roger Davies[?], Alan Dressler[?], Sandra Faber, Donald Lynden-Bell[?], R.J. Terlevich, and Gary Wegner[?] claim that a large group of galaxies within about 200 million light years of the Milky Way are moving together towards the "Great Attractor in the direction of the Hydra and Centaurus,
• 1989 - Margaret Geller[?] and John Huchra[?] discover the "Great Wall[?]", a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light years long and 200 million wide, but only 15 million light years thick,
• 1990 - Michael Rowan-Robinson[?] and Tom Broadhurst[?] discover that the IRAS galaxy F10214+4724 is the brightest known object in the Universe.

See also: Large-scale structure of the cosmos

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