Transport finance
Transport finance is the subject that explores how transport networks are paid for. There are a number of issues.The timing of the money required to finance transport is a principal issue. Many projects are "pay-as-you-go", that is infrastructure, which lasts many years, is expected to be paid out of ongoing cash flow. Other projects are financed with bonds raised in capital markets. Bonds must be secured with an expected future cash flow.
The cash flow, required for either pay-as-you-go or for bonds, must be raised. Common sources are user fees[?], such as gas taxes[?], and tolls. Other sources are general revenue[?]. This issue is related to who bears the burden: users or the general public. Even if users bear the burden, that class must be subdivided, e.g. users during peak times or off-peak, freight or passenger traffic, urban or rural users, residents or non-residents (many toll plazas are located on the state line to maximize revenue from non-residents).
A third issue concerns the full costs of transportation. There are monetary costs, which are financed with money, as considered above, but there are also non-monetary costs (sometimes called hidden costs[?]), which are paid for by people's time, by clean air, by peace and quiet, etc. See the discussion of externalities for a fuller explication of non-monetary costs.
See also
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ships made good their escape, and one Francois Hebert
brought ashore, and, to impress upon the Acadians the
fire in his presence. At the same time the inhabitants
two days all their household furniture would be confiscated
would be given them. The result was that twenty-two of
were overtaken by the soldiers and shot. [Footnote:
8, amid scenes of wild confusion, the embarkation began
families of those who were detained in the church and on
sick, while others were laden with bundles of their
in the vehicles bringing their household goods. Old and
and sad at heart. In all, eighty families were taken to
on the vessels since September 10 were brought ashore in
the people of their own villages. Four days later (October
for Maryland, others for Pennsylvania, and others for
hundred exiles. But his anxieties were by no means at an
deported. The difficulty lay in the shortage of transports.
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in the meantime to quarter them in houses at Grand Pre.
to prevent their occupation by stragglers, in accordance
were provided for the unhappy remnant of the prisoners;
cruel task was done. In all, over six thousand persons
had been driven to the wilderness and their homes laid
New Brunswick and Canada. The land of the Acadians was
to its close. Hardly had the deplorable work ended, when
formally inaugurated her Seven Years' War with France.
The day of mutual concessions had passed; and an act
unwarrantable might now, in the heat of a mighty.
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