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 Trinity site 

Trinity Site is the site of the first testing of a nuclear weapon, on July 16, 1945. The site was part of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, now the White Sands Missile Range. The test site is at the northern end of the Missile Range, between the towns of Carrizozo and Socorro, New Mexico in the Jornada del Muerto desert[?]. The culmination of the Manhattan Project, the event was code-named Trinity.

There was a pre-test explosion of 100 tons of TNT on May 7 to calibrate the instrumentation. For the actual test, the plutonium core device, nicknamed the gadget, was placed on the top of a 20-metre steel tower for detonation[?]. It had been assembled at the nearby McDonald Ranch House, the components arriving on July 12. It was assembled on the 13th and winched up the tower the following day. In case of failure, a huge steel canister, code-named Jumbo, was prepared to recover the plutonium; it was shipped to the test site but not used. The detonation was planned for 4 a.m. but postponed due to poor weather.

At 5:29:45 a.m. local time (Mountain War Time[?]), the device exploded with a force equivalent to 19 kilotons of TNT. It left a crater in the desert 3 metres deep and 330 metres wide. The shock wave was felt over 160 km away, and the mushroom cloud[?] reached 12,000 m. In the crater the silica of the desert melted and became glass of a light green colour, named trinitite. The crater was filled in soon after the test. The military reported it as a accidental explosion at a munitions dump, and the actual cause was not publicly acknowledged until August 6.

Around 260 personnel were present, none closer than 9,000 metres. At the next test series, Operation Crossroads in 1946, over 40,000 people were present. The area was declared a national historic landmark in 1975; the public is admitted on the first Saturdays of April and October. There is still a little residual radiation. The Trinity monument, a rough sided dark stone obelisk around 12 ft high, marks the spot.

There have been around 1900 nuclear explosions since Trinity. The U.S. has carried out 1,030 tests (involving 1,125 devices); The Soviet Union 715 tests; France 210; Britain 45; China 45.

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