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TritiumTritium (symbol T or 3H) is an isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas a hydrogen nucleus consists of just one proton. Its atomic weight is 3.016049. It is a gas (T2 or 3H2) at standard temperature and pressure.It is radioactive (an average 6 keV beta emitter) and has a half-life of 12.26 years. The low-energy beta radiation from tritium cannot penetrate human skin, so tritium is only dangerous if consumed in large quantities. Its low energy also makes it difficult to detect tritium labelled compounds except by using liquid scintillation counting[?]. Tritium occurs naturally due to cosmic rays interacting with deuterium in the atmosphere. It is produced in nuclear reactors by exposing Li6 to a neutron source. Tritium figures prominently in studies of nuclear reactions, especially nuclear fusion due to its favorable reaction cross section and high energy yield. All atomic nuclei, being composed of protons and neutrons, repel one another because of their positive charge. However, if the atoms have a high enough temperature (as is the case in the core of the Sun, for example), than their random motions can overcome such electrical repulsion, and they can be be jammed together into new atoms. Since tritium has the same charge as ordinary hydrogen, it experiences the same electrical repulsive force. However, due to its higher mass, it is less responsive to such forces, and thus can more easily fuse with other atoms. The same is also true, albeit to a lesser extent, of deuterium, and that is why brown dwarfs (so called failed stars) can't burn hydrogen, but do indeed burn deuterium. Atmospheric nuclear testing (prior to the Partial Test Ban Treaty) proved unexpectedly useful to oceanographers, as the sharp spike in surface tritium levels could be used over the years to measure the rate at which the lower and upper ocean levels mixed. Small amounts are used with phosphors for self-illuminating devices such as watches and exit signs. Tritium was first produced in 1934 from deuterium, another isotope of hydrogen, by Ernest Rutherford, working with Marcus L. Oliphant[?] and Paul Harteck[?] . Rutherford was unable to isolate the tritium, a job that was left to Luis Alvarez[?], who correctly deduced that the substance was radioactive. W. F. Libby[?] discovered that tritium could be used for dating water, and therefore geological samples and vintage wines. Tritium combines with oxygen to form a liquid called tritiated water (T2O). Surely there
between 1821 and 1825.
Franklin Pierce was so deeply interested in military affairs that it
captain of the college.html">college.html">college militia company, in which Hawthorne and Bridge
a gymnasium, if rather monotonous. Pierce was the popular.html">popular hero and
are now; but just at this time he was neglecting his studies so badly
of the rank list. The fact became known through the college, and Pierce
and it was only by the urgent persuasion of his friends that he was
will witness a change in me." For months together he burned midnight
college, he only missed two recitations, both for sufficient reasons.
graduated third in his class. It is an uncommon character.html">character that can play
departed, and Pierce the man had taken his place. [Footnote: Professor
more idealized portrait of him than he does of Hawthorne. He says:
"In person Pierce was slender, of medium height, with fair complexion
bright and cheerful. In character he was impulsive, not rash; generous,
one of the most popular students in the whole college."
The instruction in American colleges during the first half of the
always the groundwork of a good.html">good education,--but the modern languages
subjects were treated still more indifferently. The two noble studies
narrow, prejudiced text-books, which have long since been consigned to
Hawthorne's best study was Latin, and in that he acquired good
are, and in his other studies he only exerted himself sufficiently to
took the juice and left the rind; which was the sensible thing to. All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
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