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United States Air ForceThe United States Air Force (USAF) is the Aviation branch of the United States armed forces.The mission of the USAF is "to defend the United States through control and exploitation of air and space".
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There are three components of the USAF:
The Secretary of the Air Force[?] is Dr. James G. Roche[?]. The Chief of Staff of the Air Force is Gen. John P. Jumper[?]. Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force is the senior enlisted man in the Air Force. In 2002 the position was held by CMSgt Gerald R. Murray[?].
The USAF is organized into nine major commands (MAJCOMS), reporting to Headquarters, United States Air Force[?]:
| Major Command and Commanders | Location of Headquarters |
|---|---|
| Air Combat Command (ACC) | Langley Air Force Base[?], Virginia |
| Air Education & Training Command[?] (AETC) | Randolph Air Force Base[?], Texas |
| Air Force Materiel Command[?] (AFMC) | Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio |
| Air Force Reserve Command[?] (AFRC) | Robins Air Force Base[?], Georgia |
| Air Force Space Command[?] (AFSPC) | Peterson Air Force Base[?], Colorado |
| Air Force Special Operations Command[?] (AFSOC) | Hurlburt Field[?], Florida |
| Air Mobility Command[?] (AMC) | Scott Air Force Base[?], Illinois |
| U.S. Air Forces Europe[?] (USAFE) | Ramstein Air Base, Germany |
| U.S. Air Forces Pacific[?] (PACAF) | Hickam Air Force Base[?], Hawaii |
Air Forces[?] within the major commands:
Air forces are composed of two or more air divisions.
Air divisions are composed of two or more wings.
| Wing | Location | Air Force and Commander | Aircraft |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5th Bomb Wing (BW) | Barksdale Air Force Base[?], Lousiana and Minot Air Force Base[?], North Dakota | U.S. Strategic Command[?] (STRATCOM) | B-52H |
| 149th Fighter Wing (FW) | Texas Air National Guard | F-16 | |
| 15th Air Base Wing | Hickham Air Force Base[?], Hawaii | PACAF[?] | |
| 18th Wing | Kadena Air Force Base[?], Japan | PACAF | F-15C |
| 1st Fighter Wing | Langley Air Force Base[?], Virginia | ACC | F-15C |
| 21st Space Wing | Peterson Air Force Base[?], Colorado | ||
| 30th Wing | Vandenburg Air Force Base[?], California | AFSC | |
| 319th Air Refueling Wing | Grand Forks Air Force Base[?], North Dakota | ||
| 347th Rescue Wing | Moody Air Force Base[?], Georgia | HH-60 Pave Hawk | |
| 355th Wing | Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona | ACC | HH-60 Pave Hawk KC-130 |
| 36th Wing | Anderson Air Force Base[?], Guam | PACAF | |
| 376th Air Expeditionary Wing | Bagram AB, Afghanistan[?] | ACC | |
| 39th Wing | Incirlik AB, Turkey[?] | ACC | |
| 412th Test Wing | Edwards Air Force Base[?], California | ||
| 49th Fighter Wing | Holloman Air Force Base[?], New Mexico | ACC | F-117 |
| 509th Bomb Wing | Whiteman Air Force Base[?], Missouri | STRATCOM | B-2 |
| 57th Wing | Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada | ACC | |
| 60th Air Mobility Wing (AMW) | Travis Air Force Base[?], California | AMC | C-5B |
| 62nd Air Wing (AMW) | AMC | C-17 Globemaster 3[?] | |
| 90th Space Wing | F.E. Warren Air Force Base[?], Wyoming | STRATCOM | Minuteman III[?] ICBM |
| 939th Rescue Wing | Portland, Oregon | HH-60 Pave Hawk KC-130 | |
| 99th Air Base Wing | Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada | ACC | |
Wings are composed of several groups with functional responsibilities. Groups are composed of several squadrons. Squadrons are composed of two or more flights.
| Wing | Location | Major Command and Commander |
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|---|---|---|---|
| Air Force Institute of Technology | Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio | ||
| Air Warfare Center | Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada | ACC | |
| Oklahoma City Air Logistics Center | Tinker Air Force Base[?], Oklahoma | AFMC[?] | |
For a detailed history, see United States Air Force--History[?].
United States Air Force KC-135R Stratotanker, two F-15 Eagles (twin fins) and two F-16 Fighting Falcons, on a refueling training mission.
Larger version
In 1912, an Aviation Section of the U.S. Army Signal Corps[?] was created.
In 1917, upon the United States' entry into World War I, the U.S. Army Air Service[?] was formed as part of the American Expeditionary Force[?] (AEF). Major General Patrick Mason[?] commanded the AEF air forces; his deputy was Brigadier-General Billy Mitchell. The Air Service provided tactical support for the U.S. Army, especially during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel[?] and the Meuse-Argonne offensives[?]. Among the aces of the Air Service were Captain Eddie Rickenbacker and Frank Luke.
In 1926 the Air Service was reorganized as a branch of the Army and became the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC). During this period, the USAAC began experimenting with new techniques, including air-to-air refueling and the development of the B-9 and the Martin B-10, the first all-metal monoplane bomber, and new fighters. In 1937, the B-17 Flying Fortress made its first appearance. In a spectacular feat of navigation, three B-17s intercepted the Italian passenger liner Rex[?] at sea.
In 1941, the Army Air Corps became the U.S. Army Air Forces. The USAAF reached status as a separate arm of the Army, with equal voice with the Army and Navy in 1943.
In Europe, the USAAF began daylight bombing operations, over objections of the Royal Air Force planners on the Combined Chiefs of Staff[?]. The US strategy involved flying bombers together, relying on the defensive firepower of a close formation. The tactic was only successful in part. American flyers took tremendous casualites during raids on the oil refineries of Ploesti[?], Rumania and the ball-bearing factories at Schweinfurt[?] and Regensburg, Germany. When the P-51 Mustang, with its increased range, was introduced to combat, American combat losses dropped, and operations during Big Week[?] in late winter of 1944 caused the Luftwaffe to lose experienced pilots.
In the Pacific theater, the USAAF used the B-29 Superfortress to launch attacks on the Japanese mainland from China. One of the major logisitical efforts of the war, "flying the Hump" over the Himalayas, took place. To carry both a bomb load and fuel and to bomb at high altitude through the jet stream affected the B-29's range. As soon as airbases on Saipan were captured in 1944, General Curtis LeMay changed strategy from high-level precision bombings to low-level incendiary bombings, aimed at destroying the distributed network of Japanese industrial manufacturing. Many Japanese cities suffered extensive damage. Tokyo suffered a firestorm in which over 100,000 persons died.
The B-29 was also used to drop two nuclear weapons on Japan in August 1945.
The Department of the Air Force[?] was created when President Harry S Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947. It became effective September 18, 1947, when Chief Justice Fred Vinson[?] administered the oath of office to the first secretary of the Air Force, Stuart Symington[?].
In 1948, Communist authorities in Eastern Germany cut off road and air transportation to West Berlin. Military Airlift Command supplied the city during the Berlin airlift[?], using C-121 Constellation[?] and the C-54 Skymaster[?]. The Royal Air Force also played a significant role in flying tonnage into the city with Avro Yorks, Avro Tudors and Douglas Dakotas.
The Korean War saw the Far Eastern Air Force[?] losing its main airbase in Kimpo[?], South Korea, and forced to provide close air support[?] to the defenders of the Pusan pocket from bases in Japan. However, General Douglas B. MacArthur's[?] landing at Inchon in September 1950 enabled the FEAF to return to Kimpo and other bases, from which they supported MacArthur's drive to the Korean-Chinese border. When the Chinese People's Liberation Army intervened in December, 1950, the USAF provided tactical air support. The introduction of the Soviet-made MiG-15 caused problems for the B-29s used to bomb North Korea, but the USAF countered the MiGs with the F-86 Sabre[?].
In 1954, the United States Air Force Academy opened in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Women first graduated from the USAFA in 1976.
See also:
Jones snipped off from one-third to one-half
old dead cane.
"I raise these berries myself for home use," he said; "and I can
taking off so much from these long branches the canes stand straight
bear; but here and there's a bush that has grown slant-wise, or is
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grass and weeds that's started among 'em, you'll have a dozen bushel
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month."
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the house?"
"Those are red ones. Let's take a look at 'em."
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growth and less full of spines or briers.
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raspberries grow different from those black ones yonder. Those
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Like enough the neighbors will buy some if they know you have 'em to
inches of the ground."
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"So much the better for the books, then. I haven't lived in this
what's what. I give my mind to farmin'; but Jamison and I were great
natural to keep comin'."
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