Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage (also general suffrage or common suffrage) is the extension of voting privileges to all adults, without distinction to race, sex, belief or social status.Equal and Common Suffrage was, particular in Northern Europe, the slogan for the Democratic Movement of the late 19th century, unifying Liberals and Social Democrats.
The Movement for Universal Suffrage was a social, economic and political movement aimed at extending suffrage (the right to vote) to people of all races.
Many societies in the past have denied people the right to vote on the basis of race or ethnicity. Examples of this include the exclusion of people of African descent from voting in apartheid-era South Africa. In the pre-Civil Rights Era American South blacks were technically allowed to vote, but were prevented from exercising the vote by various means. The Ku Klux Klan formed after the Civil War largely to intimidate blacks and prevent them from voting.
Most societies today no longer maintain such provisions, but a few still do. For example, Fiji reserves a certain number of seats in its Parliament for each of its main ethnic groups; these provisions were adopted in order to discriminate against Indians in favour of ethnic Fijians. Pakistan reserves certain seats in parliament for voting by "frontier" tribes.
Universal suffrage has been granted (and been revoked) at various times in various countries throughout the world. (in chronological order):
- Finland -- 1906 (in local elections: 1917)
- Norway -- 1913
- Denmark -- 1915 (with Iceland)
- Ireland -- 1918
- After defeat in World War I
- Luxembourg - 1919
- The Netherlands - 1919
- Sweden -- 1921
- Lithuania -- 1922
- United Kingdom -- 1928
- Spain -- 1931
- France -- 1944
- Italy -- 1945
- Belgium -- 1948
- Greece -- 1952
- Australia -- 1962 (previously not granted to Aboriginees)
- Portugal -- 1976
- Liechtenstein -- 1984
- Switzerland -- 1990
- South Africa -- 1994
One of the
in old maps.
[634] -- Possibly Kalale in Mysore, a place fifteen miles south of
was connected with the Vijayanagar royal family (Rice's gazetteer,
by a Vijayanagar officer, and contains several sixteenth-century
of that place.
[637] -- Mangalore.
[638] -- Unidentified.
[639] -- ROUPA. Linen cloth. The word is not used of cotton, and the
copyist for "Avati." This place, now a village in the Kolar district
family having been founded here by the "Morasu Wokkalu" or "Seven
to it fairly well.
[641] -- Calicut.
[642] -- Either "the ghats," or perhaps Gutti (Goofy). The rich
where are the remains of a very fine hill-fortress.
[643] -- See note above, p. 368.
[644] -- Mudkal.
[645] -- Raichur.
[646] -- I.E. of the Hindu religion, not Muhammadans.
[647] -- NOVEIS in the original, probably for NOTAVEIS.
[648] -- Telugus.
[649] -- This was certainly not the case.
[650] -- The Ganges.
[651] -- Its history is known from A.D. 1304, when it was acquired
edition of 1615, p. 34.
[653] -- Purchas, i. 218.
[654] -- See Yule and Burnell's Dictionary, S.V. "Maund."
End of The Project Gutenberg Etext.
On
wordlookup.net
All is still licensed under the GNU FDL.
It uses material from the wikipedia.
|
|